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Comparing Axial, Lateral, and Universal Metal Expansion Joints

Jan 23,2026

Not all pipeline movement is the same, and therefore, not all Metal Bellow Expansion Joints are identical. They are primarily classified by the type of dimensional change they are designed to absorb. An Axial Expansion Joint is the simplest form, intended to compensate for movement along its longitudinal axis—pure compression and extension. It is used where the pipe expands or contracts in a straight line towards the joint. It requires proper guiding and anchoring to prevent buckling.
A Lateral Expansion Joint is designed to absorb offset—movement perpendicular to the pipe axis. This is common in systems with thermal growth where an anchor point is fixed, causing the pipe to shift sideways. A single bellows can handle limited lateral movement; larger offsets use two bellows with a common connecting pipe (a "tied" lateral joint).
A Universal Expansion Joint combines two bellows connected by a center spool. This sophisticated design can absorb large amounts of lateral movement, combined axial movement, and angular rotation. It is the most versatile type, used in complex piping layouts with multi-directional growth. Hinged and Gimbal joints are specialized types that permit angular movement in one or all planes, respectively, and are used in piping loops or to direct movement in a specific way. Understanding the specific movement profile of the pipeline—calculated by engineers—is essential to selecting the correct joint type for safe and effective performance.

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